A Green Card, officially known as a Permanent Resident Card, is a document that allows non-US citizens to live and work permanently in the United States. It provides individuals with lawful permanent resident (LPR) status, offering many benefits, such as the right to work for any employer and the ability to travel freely in and out of the US.

Green Card holders are also eligible to apply for US citizenship after meeting specific residency and eligibility requirements.

This article will guide you through everything you need to know about obtaining a Green Card. We’ll cover the different types of Green Cards, eligibility requirements, the step-by-step application process, expected processing times, associated fees, and how to renew or replace your Green Card when necessary.

 

Section A: What is a Green Card?

 

A Green Card, officially known as a Permanent Resident Card, is a document issued by the US government that grants individuals the right to live and work permanently in the United States. It provides lawful permanent resident (LPR) status, allowing the holder to reside in the country indefinitely, travel freely in and out of the US, and work for any employer without needing a separate work visa.

Green Card holders also enjoy certain legal protections and may be eligible to apply for US citizenship after meeting specific residency and other criteria.

While Green Cards must be renewed every 10 years, the holder’s permanent resident status does not expire unless revoked for legal reasons or abandoned through extended absences from the US.

 

1. Who Can Apply for a Green Card?

 

Several categories of people can apply for a Green Card, including family members of US citizens or lawful permanent residents, individuals with certain employment-based qualifications, investors, and those seeking refuge or asylum. Immediate relatives of US citizens, such as spouses, unmarried children under 21, and parents, often have the most direct path to a Green Card, as there are no annual limits on these applications.

Others, such as family members in preference categories or workers in employment-based categories, may face longer waiting periods due to annual visa caps.

Green Cards are also available through special categories, such as the Diversity Visa Lottery or for certain humanitarian groups like refugees and asylees.

 

2. How Long Does it Take to Get a Green Card?

 

The processing time for a Green Card can vary significantly depending on the applicant’s category and country of origin.

Immediate relatives of US citizens typically have shorter processing times, ranging from 8 to 14 months. Family preference categories and employment-based applications, on the other hand, are subject to annual visa limits, leading to much longer waiting periods, sometimes several years.

Applicants from countries with high immigration demand, like Mexico, India, or the Philippines, may face additional delays due to backlogs in visa availability.

The Green Card process involves multiple steps, including filing petitions, attending biometrics appointments, and, in many cases, undergoing interviews with US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) officers. Processing times can also be affected by factors such as incomplete applications, missing documents, or backlogs at local USCIS offices.

 

Section B: Benefits of a Green Card

 

Obtaining a Green Card provides numerous advantages for non-US citizens who wish to live and work in the United States on a permanent basis. This legal status grants various rights and protections that enhance quality of life, employment opportunities, and the ability to eventually become a US citizen.

 

1. US Permanent Residency

With a Green Card, you are granted permanent residency in the United States, meaning you can live in the country indefinitely. As a lawful permanent resident (LPR), you are protected by US laws and have the right to reside in any state, own property, and access public services. Unlike temporary visas, a Green Card allows you to make long-term plans, such as securing housing, enrolling in schools, and developing a stable life for yourself and your family.

 

2. US Work Authorization

A Green Card offers the flexibility to work for any employer across the US without the need for additional work permits or sponsorship. This unrestricted employment authorization opens up opportunities in various industries and professions. You can start a business, switch jobs, or pursue a career of your choice without worrying about visa restrictions or sponsorship timelines, giving you more career freedom and stability.

 

3. Path to US Citizenship

For those looking to fully integrate into American society, a Green Card is the first step toward becoming a US citizen. After holding permanent residency for a certain period—usually five years (or three years if married to a US citizen)—you can apply for naturalization. This process leads to full citizenship, including the right to vote, eligibility for federal jobs, and access to additional benefits that are available only to citizens.

 

4. Travel Freedom

While Green Card holders must maintain US residency, they are permitted to travel abroad for temporary periods without losing their permanent resident status. Unlike some temporary visa holders, you don’t need to apply for re-entry permits for short trips abroad.

However, extended stays outside the US (generally more than six months) may require a re-entry permit to maintain your residency. This travel flexibility is highly beneficial for those with personal or professional ties overseas, as it allows you to return to the US without going through lengthy visa processes.

 

Section C: Types of Green Card

 

The United States offers several types of Green Cards, catering to different categories of individuals, each with its own eligibility and procedural requirements.

 

Table: Green Card Types and Benefits

Green Card Type	Valid For	Renewal Required	Path to Citizenship
Regular 10-Year Green Card	10 years	Yes, every 10 years	Eligible after 5 years
Conditional Green Card	2 years	Yes, conditions removed after 2 years	Eligible after 3 years (if married to a U.S. citizen)
Employment-Based Green Card	10 years	Yes, every 10 years	Eligible after 5 years
Diversity Visa Green Card	10 years	Yes, every 10 years	Eligible after 5 years

 

1. Family-Based Green Cards

 

Family-based Green Cards are designed for individuals who have close family members who are US citizens or lawful permanent residents. The two main categories within family-based immigration are immediate relatives and family preference categories. Immediate relatives include spouses, parents, and unmarried children under the age of 21 of US citizens. These applications tend to have faster processing times as there are no annual limits on the number of Green Cards issued in this category.

The family preference categories cover more distant relatives, such as siblings, married children of US citizens, and adult children of lawful permanent residents. Unlike immediate relatives, family preference categories are subject to annual limits, and applicants often face longer waiting periods. Applicants must have a sponsor (the family member) who files Form I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative) on their behalf. After approval, applicants either go through adjustment of status (if already in the US) or consular processing (if outside the US) to complete the Green Card process.

 

2. Employment-Based Green Cards

 

Employment-based Green Cards allow individuals to gain permanent residency in the US through their professional skills, qualifications, or job offers. This category is divided into five preference levels, each catering to different types of workers.

 

Category	Who It’s For	Key Requirements
EB-1	Priority workers, including individuals with extraordinary abilities, outstanding professors/researchers, and multinational executives	Demonstrate extraordinary abilities or achievements; no labor certification required
EB-2	Professionals with advanced degrees or individuals with exceptional abilities in sciences, arts, or business	Labor certification typically required to show the job offer won’t negatively impact U.S. workers
EB-3	Skilled workers, professionals, and unskilled workers with a permanent job offer in the U.S.	Labor certification required to prove no adverse effect on U.S. wages or job opportunities
EB-4	Special immigrants, such as religious workers, employees of international organizations, and certain other groups	No labor certification required; applicants must meet specific criteria for the special immigrant category
EB-5	Immigrant investors who invest in U.S. businesses and create or preserve at least 10 jobs for U.S. workers	Must invest a significant amount of capital (min $800,000 in a TEA, or $1.8 million) in a U.S. business that creates or preserves at least 10 full-time U.S. jobs

 

The first preference, EB-1, is for priority workers, including individuals with extraordinary abilities in their field, outstanding professors or researchers, and multinational executives. EB-2 applies to professionals holding advanced degrees or those with exceptional abilities in the sciences, arts, or business. EB-3 covers skilled workers, professionals, and unskilled workers with a permanent job offer in the US. These three categories typically require a labor certification from the Department of Labor to prove that hiring the foreign worker won’t negatively affect the wages or job opportunities of US workers.

The fourth preference, EB-4, is for special immigrants, such as religious workers, employees of international organizations, and certain other groups. The final category, EB-5, is for immigrant investors who invest a significant amount of capital into a US business that creates or preserves at least 10 jobs for US workers.

The application process for employment-based Green Cards typically involves employer sponsorship, filing Form I-140, and, in many cases, going through labor certification.

 

3. Diversity Visa Lottery Green Card

 

The Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery Green Card program is designed to promote diversity among US immigrants by offering Green Cards to individuals from countries with historically low rates of immigration to the US. Each year, up to 55,000 visas are made available through a random lottery system, and individuals from eligible countries can apply. The program is open to applicants who meet specific eligibility criteria, such as having at least a high school education or equivalent, or two years of work experience in a qualifying occupation.

The lottery selection is random, and applicants must submit their entry online during the specified registration period. If selected, applicants proceed with the Green Card application by filing Form DS-260 and attending a consular interview. While winning the lottery does not guarantee a Green Card, it provides an opportunity to apply for one. The diversity visa program is highly competitive due to the limited number of visas available and the large number of applicants each year.

 

4. Refugee and Asylum Seeker Green Cards

 

Green Cards are also available to individuals who have been granted refugee or asylum status in the US due to persecution or fear of persecution in their home countries. Refugees apply for asylum before entering the US, while asylum seekers apply after they are already in the country. Individuals can qualify for refugee or asylum status based on persecution related to their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.

After being granted refugee or asylum status, individuals can apply for a Green Card after one year of residence in the US. The process involves filing Form I-485 (Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status). Refugees and asylees are exempt from some of the standard requirements of Green Card applications, such as the financial support affidavit, and there are no filing fees for these applicants. This category provides critical protection for individuals fleeing violence, discrimination, or persecution and offers them a path to permanent residency and eventually US citizenship.

 

5. Special Immigrant Green Cards

 

Special Immigrant Green Cards are available to certain groups of individuals under unique circumstances. One prominent group includes Special Immigrant Juveniles (SIJ), minors who have been abused, neglected, or abandoned by their parents and are residing in the US. Other categories include religious workers, employees of international organizations, members of the US armed forces, and individuals who have worked for the US government in Iraq or Afghanistan.

Each special immigrant category has its own eligibility requirements. For example, Special Immigrant Juveniles must have a court order that finds reunification with one or both parents is not viable due to abuse, neglect, or abandonment. Religious workers must be employed by a non-profit religious organization in the US. The process for obtaining a Special Immigrant Green Card typically involves filing a specific petition related to the category, such as Form I-360 (Petition for Amerasian, Widow(er), or Special Immigrant), and undergoing adjustment of status or consular processing depending on the individual’s situation.

These Special Immigrant Green Cards provide opportunities for individuals in unique situations to gain permanent residency in the US when traditional immigration routes may not be applicable.

 

6. Parole in Place Program

 

The Parole in Place (PIP) program allows certain undocumented family members of US citizens to remain in the United States legally. Originally created for military families, PIP has been expanded to include undocumented spouses and stepchildren of US citizens. It provides temporary protection from deportation and allows eligible individuals to apply for a Green Card without leaving the US.

The program has been temporarily halted by a federal judge for undocumented spouses and stepchildren of US citizens. While applications can still be submitted, no approvals will be granted during this time. Submitting your application early may help expedite processing once the hold is lifted.

 

7. Conditional Green Cards

 

Conditional Green Cards are issued to individuals who have been married to a US citizen for less than two years at the time of approval or to certain investors under the EB-5 program. These Green Cards are valid for two years, and at the end of this period, the holder must file a petition to remove the conditions and receive a permanent 10-year Green Card.
In marriage-based cases, the couple must jointly file Form I-751 (Petition to Remove Conditions on Residence) within 90 days before the conditional Green Card’s expiration date.

The purpose of this process is to verify that the marriage is bona fide and not entered into for the purpose of obtaining immigration benefits. For investors, the removal of conditions involves proving that the required investment has been made and that the job creation criteria have been met.

Failing to file to remove the conditions can result in the loss of permanent residency, making timely submission of the petition essential.

 

Section D: Green Card Eligibility Requirements

 

The US government offers various pathways to permanent residency, each with specific eligibility requirements.

 

1. Family-Sponsored Green Card

 

A significant portion of Green Cards are issued through family sponsorship. US citizens and lawful permanent residents can petition for certain relatives to obtain a Green Card. Immediate relatives of US citizens—such as spouses, unmarried children under 21, and parents—have a straightforward path, with no annual limit on the number of Green Cards issued in this category. Other family members, such as siblings or married children, may also qualify, but their applications fall under preference categories, which are subject to annual limits and longer wait times.

 

2. Employment-Based Green Card

 

Green Cards can also be granted based on employment. The US government allocates a significant number of Green Cards each year to individuals with job offers or extraordinary skills. Employment-based Green Cards are divided into five preference categories:

 

a. EB-1: Priority workers with extraordinary abilities in fields such as arts, sciences, education, or business, as well as outstanding professors, researchers, and multinational executives.

b. EB-2: Professionals holding advanced degrees or individuals with exceptional abilities in their fields.

c. EB-3: Skilled workers, professionals, and some unskilled workers who have a US job offer.

d. EB-4: Special immigrants, including religious workers and certain international employees.

e. EB-5: Investors who make a substantial financial investment in a US business that creates jobs for American workers.

 

These Green Cards often require employer sponsorship, although self-petitioning is allowed in specific cases, such as for individuals with extraordinary abilities or certain investors.

 

3. Diversity Visa Lottery

 

The Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery program is a unique pathway that aims to promote immigration from countries with historically low immigration rates to the US. Each year, approximately 55,000 Diversity Visas are awarded to randomly selected individuals from eligible countries.

To qualify, applicants must meet specific education or work experience requirements. While the lottery offers a chance-based approach to securing a Green Card, it remains a highly competitive and sought-after option for those from qualifying nations.

 

4. Refugee and Asylum Seekers

 

Individuals who have been granted refugee or asylum status in the US can apply for a Green Card after residing in the country for at least one year. Refugees are typically individuals fleeing persecution or war from countries designated by the US government, while asylum seekers are individuals already in the US who have experienced persecution or fear future persecution in their home countries due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. Green Cards granted to refugees and asylum seekers provide permanent residency, enabling them to live and work in the US indefinitely.

 

5. Parole in Place

 

The Parole in Place (PIP) program is an immigration parole program allowing certain undocumented family members of US citizens to remain in the United States legally.

Originally created for military families, PIP has been expanded to include undocumented spouses and stepchildren of US citizens. It provides temporary protection from deportation and allows eligible individuals to apply for a Green Card without leaving the US.

Those who qualify include individuals who are legally married to a US citizen as of June 17, 2024, with continuous US residence since June 17, 2014, and stepchildren under 21 in a qualifying stepchild relationship, residing in the US since June 17, 2024.

Applicants must file Form I-131F online, which costs $580.

The PIP has been temporarily halted by a federal judge for undocumented spouses and stepchildren of US citizens. While applications can still be submitted, no approvals will be granted during this time. Submitting your application early may help expedite processing once the hold is lifted.

 

6. Other Special Categories

 

Certain individuals may qualify for a Green Card through less common but significant special categories. These include:

 

a. Special Immigrant Juveniles: Minors who have been abused, neglected, or abandoned by their parents and are living in the US under a court’s protection.

b. Victims of Human Trafficking or Crimes: Under the T or U visa programs, victims of trafficking or other crimes may be eligible for a Green Card after assisting law enforcement in the investigation or prosecution of the crime.

c. Cubans under the Cuban Adjustment Act: Cuban nationals who have been in the US for at least one year can apply for a Green Card under this act.

d. Other Special Immigrants: This category includes individuals like members of the US armed forces and employees of international organizations who may qualify for a Green Card.

 

Section E: How to Apply for a Green Card

 

Whether you’re applying for a Green Card based on family, employment, or humanitarian grounds, the process typically involves submitting an application, attending interviews, and meeting specific eligibility requirements.

 

1. Step-by-Step Guide to the Green Card Application Process

 

Step 1: Determine Your Eligibility

Before starting the application, confirm that you meet the eligibility criteria for one of the Green Card categories, such as family-sponsored, employment-based, or humanitarian categories like asylum.

 

Step 2: File the Immigrant Petition

Most applicants need someone, usually a family member or employer, to file an immigrant petition on their behalf. This is typically Form I-130 (for family members) or Form I-140 (for employment-based applications). Some categories, such as refugees or individuals with extraordinary abilities, may self-petition.

 

Step 3: Wait for a Visa to Become Available

For categories with visa caps (such as family preference and employment-based Green Cards), you may need to wait until a visa number becomes available. The US Department of State’s Visa Bulletin outlines current availability based on your application category and country of origin.

 

Step 4: File Form I-485 (Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status)

Once your immigrant petition is approved and a visa is available, you can file Form I-485 to adjust your status to permanent resident. This form officially starts the Green Card application process if you’re already in the US. If you’re outside the US, you’ll need to go through consular processing.

 

Table: Key Forms for Green Card Application

Form Number	Form Name	Purpose
I-485	Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status	To adjust your status to that of a permanent resident
I-130	Petition for Alien Relative	Filed by U.S. citizens or LPRs to sponsor family members
I-140	Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker	Filed by employers to sponsor workers for Green Cards
I-90	Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card	Used to renew or replace a lost, stolen, or damaged Green Card
I-751	Petition to Remove Conditions on Residence	Filed by conditional Green Card holders to get a full 10-year card

 

Step 5: Attend a Biometrics Appointment

After submitting Form I-485, you’ll be scheduled for a biometrics appointment where your fingerprints, photo, and signature will be collected. This information is used for background checks.

 

Step 6: Attend the Green Card Interview

In most cases, you will be required to attend an interview with a US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) officer. The interview focuses on verifying the authenticity of your application, including the legitimacy of relationships in family-sponsored applications or job offers in employment-based cases.

 

Step 7: Receive a Decision

If your application is approved, you will receive your Green Card in the mail. If denied, USCIS will send a notice explaining the reasons and whether you can appeal the decision.

 

2. Green Card Supporting Documents

 

An essential part of your Green Card application will be your supporting evidence. This will need to be comprehensive to establish your eligibility under the relevant Green Card category requirements.

Taking professional advice will help to ensure that you compile a complete submission to avoid delays due to requests for further information, or a potential refusal of your application for failing to prove eligibility.

Commonly required documents include:

 

a. Completed Form I-485 (Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status)

b. Form I-130/I-140 (Petition for Family or Employment)

c. Proof of Eligibility (birth certificate, marriage certificate, or employment contract)

d. Passport-style photos

e. Government-issued ID (passport or other identification documents)

f. Proof of financial support (affidavit of support, if applicable)

g. Proof of lawful US entry (I-94 Arrival/Departure Record)

h. Medical Examination Results (Form I-693)

i. Biometrics appointment confirmation

 

Table: Supporting Documents for Green Card Applications

Document Type	Purpose	Who Needs It
Birth Certificate	Proof of identity and age	All applicants
Marriage Certificate	Proof of a valid marriage (for family-based Green Card applications)	Spouses of U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents
Proof of Termination of Prior Marriages	Divorce decree, annulment, or death certificate	Applicants and petitioners previously married
Passport	Valid identification for travel and application purposes	All applicants
Form I-94 (Arrival/Departure Record)	Proof of lawful entry into the U.S.	Applicants adjusting status within the U.S.
Affidavit of Support (Form I-864)	Proof of financial support to avoid reliance on public assistance	Family-sponsored applicants
Tax Returns and W-2 Forms	Evidence of financial stability and employment history	Petitioners (sponsors)
Employment Letter or Contract	Proof of job offer (for employment-based Green Cards)	Employment-based applicants
Medical Examination (Form I-693)	Proof of meeting health and vaccination requirements	All applicants
Police Clearance Certificates	Proof of clean criminal record from home country (if applicable)	Applicants from abroad
Military Records (if applicable)	Proof of military service	Applicants with military background
Passport-Style Photos	Required for identity verification	All applicants (typically 2-4 photos)
Proof of Continuous Residence	Documents such as utility bills, rental agreements (for some categories)	Refugee, asylum, and continuous residence categories
Form I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative)	Proof of qualifying family relationship	Family-sponsored applicants (filed by U.S. citizen/LPR)
Form I-140 (Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker)	Proof of employment-based Green Card eligibility	Employment-based applicants
Criminal Records (if applicable)	Documentation of any arrests or criminal history	Applicants with a criminal record

 

Ensure that all documents are translated into English if originally in another language and are certified as accurate.

 

3. Completing Form I-485

 

When completing Form I-485, or the “Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status”, follow this best practice:

 

a. Accurately fill in personal details: Make sure to input your full name, date of birth, and place of birth as they appear on your official documents, and double-check for typos.

b. Provide information about your immigration status: You’ll need to specify how you entered the US (if applicable) and provide supporting documentation like an I-94 form.

c. Disclose all criminal history or previous immigration violations: Omitting any relevant information could result in delays or denial of your application.

d. Submit supporting documents: Attach any required documents, such as your immigrant petition approval notice and proof of eligibility.

e. Pay the correct filing fee: USCIS charges a fee to process Form I-485, which varies based on your age and specific category.

 

Once completed, submit Form I-485 with all supporting documents to USCIS.

 

4. Medical Examination and Vaccinations

 

As part of the Green Card process, applicants must undergo a medical examination conducted by a USCIS-approved civil surgeon. The results of this exam are recorded on Form I-693 and must be submitted with your Green Card application. The medical exam ensures that you meet the health standards required for permanent residency in the US.

The medical examination includes:

 

a. Physical examination

b. Tuberculosis (TB) testing

c. Blood tests for communicable diseases

d. Vaccination verification (measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis B, and other required vaccinations)

 

You will need to bring your vaccination records to the medical exam. If you are missing any required vaccinations, the civil surgeon will administer them during the exam.

 

Section F: Green Card Processing Time and Fees

 

Applying for a Green Card involves not only following the correct procedures but also understanding the time and costs associated with the process.

Processing times can vary significantly depending on the category of application, country of origin, and other factors. Similarly, there are various fees to consider, from filing costs to biometrics and medical examination expenses.

Having a clear understanding of both the timeline and the costs will help you better plan and manage your Green Card application process.

 

1. Green Card Average Processing Times by Category

 

The time it takes to obtain a Green Card depends largely on the category under which you are applying, the demand for visas in that category, and whether you are applying from within the US or abroad.

 

Table: Green Card Processing Time by Category

Green Card Category	Application Type	Average Processing Time
Immediate Relative (Spouse)	Family-Based	8 to 14 months
Employment-Based (EB-3)	Skilled Workers	1 to 2 years
Diversity Visa Lottery	Random Selection from Eligible Countries	6 to 18 months
Refugee or Asylee	Humanitarian Grounds	8 to 14 months

 

a. Family-Sponsored Green Cards

 

i. Immediate Relatives of US Citizens (spouses, parents, and unmarried children under 21): These applications generally have shorter processing times since there are no annual limits. On average, it takes 8 to 14 months to process.

ii. Family Preference Categories (siblings, adult children, etc.): These categories are subject to annual limits, resulting in significantly longer processing times. It can take anywhere from 1 to 10+ years, depending on the specific category and country of origin. For example, applicants from countries with higher demand, such as Mexico or the Philippines, typically face longer wait times.

 

b. Employment-Based Green Cards

 

i. EB-1 (Priority Workers): This category has a relatively faster processing time compared to others, taking between 6 to 12 months.

ii. EB-2 (Advanced Degree Holders) and EB-3 (Skilled Workers): These applications generally take 1 to 2 years, but processing times may be longer if there is a backlog for your country.

iii. EB-5 (Investors): The average processing time for investor-based Green Cards is around 2 to 3 years, but can extend further if additional documentation or investigation is required.

 

c. Diversity Visa Lottery

For winners of the Diversity Visa Lottery, the timeline is straightforward: after being selected, applicants typically complete the Green Card process within 6 to 18 months. The exact time varies based on the applicant’s country and interview schedule at the US embassy or consulate.

 

d. Refugee and Asylum Seeker

Refugees and asylees can apply for a Green Card one year after being granted refugee or asylum status. Processing times for these applications typically range from 8 to 14 months.

 

e. Consular Processing vs. Adjustment of Status

Applicants who are outside the US must go through consular processing, which generally takes 12 to 18 months. Applicants already in the US can file for Adjustment of Status (Form I-485), which typically takes 8 to 14 months, depending on the USCIS office handling the case.

 

2. Green Card Application Fees and Costs

 

There are several fees associated with applying for a Green Card. These fees vary based on your age, application type, and whether you are applying from within the US or abroad.

 

Table: Green Card Fees Overview

Fee	Applications made in the US	Applicants made outside the US
Family Sponsorship Form (I-130)	$675	$675
Green Card Application Form (I-485)	$1,440	Not required
Financial Support Form (I-864)	$0	$120
Work Permit Application Form (I-765) (optional)	$260	Not required
Travel Permit Application Form (I-131) (optional)	$630	Not required
Employment Sponsorship Form (I-140)	$715	$715
EB5 Form (I-526)	$11,160	$11,160
Biometrics (Fingerprints & Photo)	$85	$0
State Department Processing	Not required	$325
USCIS Immigrant Fee	Not required	$235
Medical Examination	Varies	Varies

 

a. Form I-485 (Application to Adjust Status)

For applicants filing from within the US, the filing fee for Form I-485 is generally $1,440. Additionally, most applicants are required to pay a $85 biometrics fee. Children under 14 who are filing with a parent pay a reduced fee.

 

b. Consular Processing (for applicants outside the US.)

Applicants going through consular processing must pay an Immigrant Visa Application Processing Fee, which is $325, and a USCIS Immigrant Fee of $235 once the visa is issued. These fees must be paid before the Green Card can be mailed to you.

 

c. Form I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative)

If you are applying through family sponsorship, the sponsor must first file Form I-130, which has a fee of $675.

 

d. Form I-140 (Petition for Immigrant Worker)

For employment-based Green Card applicants, the employer typically files Form I-140 on behalf of the employee, and the filing fee for this form is $700.

 

e. Form I-526 (EB-5 Investor Petition)

For EB-5 applicants, the filing fee for Form I-526 is $11,160.

 

f. Medical Examination and Vaccinations

The cost of the required medical examination varies depending on the civil surgeon and your location. On average, medical exams cost between $200 to $500, with additional fees for vaccinations if necessary.

 

g. Attorney Fees (Optional)

While not mandatory, many applicants choose to hire an immigration attorney to assist with their Green Card application. Attorney fees can vary, depending on the complexity of your case, the type of service on offer and their level of experience.

 

Section G: Green Card Application Tips

 

Applying for a Green Card is an important process, but it’s also one that requires an understanding of the rules and regulations, as well as attention to detail. Even minor errors can lead to delays, requests for additional information, or even denial of your application.

Follow these best practices to give your application the best chance of success:

 

Table: Common Green Card Application Mistakes and Consequences

Mistake	Consequence	How to Avoid
Incomplete forms	Application delays or denials	Double-check all forms and submit complete documents
Missing supporting documents	Requests for additional evidence	Review the required document checklist thoroughly
Failure to attend biometrics appointment	Application can be denied	Make sure to attend your scheduled biometrics appointment
Filing incorrect fees	Application rejection	Confirm the current filing fees before submission

 

1. Incomplete or Incorrect Forms

One of the most common mistakes applicants make is submitting incomplete or incorrect forms. The forms required for a Green Card application, such as Form I-485 (Application to Adjust Status) or Form I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative), contain numerous fields that must be filled out accurately. Even small errors, such as misspelt names or incorrect dates, can cause delays or even result in a rejection of the application.

To avoid this, take the time to carefully review the instructions for each form before filling it out. Double-check all the information for accuracy, and ensure that every field is completed. If a section doesn’t apply to you, it’s often best to write “N/A” (not applicable) to avoid confusion. It’s also recommended that you keep a copy of the completed forms for your own records.

 

2. Missing or Insufficient Supporting Documents

 

Another frequent error is failing to include all required supporting documents. Every Green Card application requires certain documents, such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, and proof of financial support (Form I-864), to establish your eligibility. If you submit an application without the necessary evidence, USCIS will issue a Request for Evidence (RFE), delaying the process until you provide the missing documents.

To avoid this, carefully follow the document checklist provided by USCIS for your specific Green Card category. Ensure that all copies of important documents, such as birth certificates or passports, are clear and legible. If a document is in a language other than English, you must also include a certified translation. Before submitting your application, double-check that all necessary documentation is attached.

 

3. Failure to Pay Correct Fees

 

Incorrectly paying fees or submitting the wrong payment method can also lead to application rejection. The fees associated with Green Card applications vary depending on the form being filed, and different rules apply if you are filing from outside the US. For instance, while Form I-485 has a fee of $1,440 for applicants living in the US, other forms may have different fees or may not apply to those outside the country.

To avoid this issue, always verify the current fees on the USCIS website, as these amounts can change over time. Ensure that you’re paying the correct amount and using a valid payment method, such as a money order, check, or credit card (using Form G-1450). Keep a receipt of the transaction for your records.

 

4. Ignoring Application Deadlines and Expiration Dates

Timeliness is key when applying for a Green Card. Applicants often make the mistake of missing important deadlines, such as failing to file for a Green Card renewal before their current card expires or not responding promptly to requests for additional evidence. Missing deadlines could result in losing your lawful permanent resident status or even a denial of your application.

To avoid missing important deadlines, create a timeline of the process, including the expiration date of your current Green Card (if applicable) and other important milestones, such as biometrics appointments and interview dates. USCIS typically sends notices in advance, so monitor your mail and email carefully to ensure you don’t miss any critical dates.

 

5. Not Attending the Biometrics Appointment or Interview

After submitting your application, USCIS requires applicants to attend a biometrics appointment where fingerprints, photos, and signatures are collected. In some cases, applicants may also need to attend an interview to verify the authenticity of their relationship (in family-sponsored cases) or employment offer (in employment-based applications). Failing to attend either the biometrics appointment or the interview can result in significant delays or denial.

It’s essential to attend all scheduled appointments. If you cannot make the appointment on the scheduled date, you must inform USCIS in advance and request a reschedule. Failing to show up without prior notice can cause your application to be denied.

 

6. Providing Inconsistent or Incomplete Information

Another common mistake is providing inconsistent or incomplete information across various forms or documents. For example, discrepancies in your name, address, or employment history across forms can raise red flags with USCIS, leading to further scrutiny or delays in processing your case.

To avoid this, review all forms and documents to ensure consistency. If any of your information has changed, such as an address or legal name, make sure to update all relevant forms and notify USCIS promptly. In cases where inconsistencies are unavoidable (for example, due to legal name changes or differences in cultural naming conventions), include a letter of explanation and any supporting documents that clarify the discrepancy.

 

7. Failing to Meet Income Requirements for Sponsorship

In family-sponsored Green Card applications, the petitioner must demonstrate that they meet the financial requirements to support the immigrant (usually 125% above the poverty line). Many applications are delayed or denied because the sponsor fails to provide adequate proof of income or assets.

To avoid this, ensure that your sponsor submits a fully completed Affidavit of Support (Form I-864) along with supporting financial documents, such as tax returns, pay stubs, or bank statements. If the sponsor’s income is insufficient, a co-sponsor may be needed to meet the financial requirements.

 

8. Travel Issues During Pending Applications

 

If you travel outside the US while your Green Card application is pending without securing proper travel documentation, you may jeopardize your application. Traveling abroad without advance parole or a re-entry permit can be interpreted by USCIS as abandoning your application, leading to its denial.

To avoid complications, always secure the appropriate travel permits, such as Form I-131 (Application for Travel Document), if you need to travel while your Green Card application is pending. If you’re unsure about travel plans, consult an immigration attorney before leaving the country.

 

Section H: Green Card Renewal and Replacement

 

A Green Card provides lawful permanent residency in the United States, but it is not valid forever. While permanent resident status does not expire, the physical Green Card itself is typically valid for 10 years, after which it must be renewed. Additionally, there are instances where you may need to replace your Green Card due to loss, theft, or other circumstances.

It’s also important to ensure your Green Card is always valid, as it serves as proof of your legal status and allows you to live and work in the US without restrictions.

 

1. How to Renew a Green Card

 

Green Cards are typically valid for 10 years, and it’s recommended that you start the renewal process 6 months before your Green Card expires.

 

Step 1: File Form I-90 (Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card)

To renew your Green Card, you must file Form I-90 with US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). This form can be submitted online through your USCIS account or by mail. You will need to provide your current Green Card and other personal information to complete the form.

 

Step 2: Pay the Filing Fee

The current filing fee for Form I-90 is $455, plus an additional $85 biometrics fee. Some individuals may qualify for a fee waiver, depending on their financial situation.

 

Step 3: Attend Biometrics Appointment

After submitting your Form I-90, USCIS will schedule a biometrics appointment where your fingerprints, photo, and signature will be collected for security checks. You will receive a notice with the date, time, and location of your appointment.

 

Step 4: Receive Your New Green Card

Once your application is approved and biometrics are completed, you will receive your new Green Card in the mail. The processing time for Green Card renewal can range from 6 to 12 months. If your current Green Card expires while your renewal application is pending, you can use your receipt notice as temporary proof of your permanent resident status.

 

2. Green Card Replacement Process

 

You may need to replace your Green Card for various reasons beyond just its expiration. This includes instances where your card is lost, damaged, or if you need to update information on it, such as a name change.

 

Table: Reasons to Replace Green Card

Reason for Replacement
Your Green Card has been lost, stolen, or destroyed.
Your Green Card was damaged or is no longer readable.
You legally changed your name or other personal details.
Your Green Card has incorrect information (such as a typo).
You never received your Green Card after it was issued.
Your status automatically changed to permanent resident (e.g., conditions on residency removed).

 

The process for replacing a Green Card is very similar to renewing it:

 

Step 1: File Form I-90

Whether replacing a lost, damaged, or incorrect Green Card, you must file Form I-90 with USCIS. This form can also be used to update your card with new personal information or fix errors.

 

Step 2: Pay the Fees

The fee for replacing a Green Card is the same as renewing it: $455, with an additional $85 for biometrics. However, if you’re replacing the card due to a USCIS error, you may not need to pay the filing fee.

 

Step 3: Attend Biometrics Appointment

Similar to the renewal process, you’ll be scheduled for a biometrics appointment to capture your fingerprints and photograph.

 

Step 4: Receive Your New Green Card

Once your application is processed and approved, your replacement Green Card will be mailed to you. The processing time is typically 6 to 12 months.

 

3. Lost or Stolen Green Cards

 

If your Green Card is lost or stolen, it’s crucial to replace it as soon as possible. Not having your Green Card in your possession can make it difficult to prove your legal status in the US, and may complicate travel, employment, or obtaining certain services.

While there is no formal requirement to report a lost or stolen Green Card to USCIS, it is a good idea to contact them and let them know. This helps to prevent identity fraud in case someone else finds and tries to use your Green Card.

The process for replacing a lost or stolen Green Card is the same as renewing or replacing it for other reasons. You will need to submit Form I-90 and pay the filing fees.

If your Green Card is lost or stolen while you are outside the United States, you will need to contact the nearest US embassy or consulate. In some cases, you may need to apply for a boarding foil (formerly known as a transportation letter) to be allowed to return to the US without your Green Card. The boarding foil is typically valid for 30 days and is used to board a flight back to the US for the purpose of replacing your Green Card.

Like other replacement scenarios, you will be required to attend a biometrics appointment after submitting Form I-90.

 

Section I: Summary

 

A Green Card, also known as a Permanent Resident Card, allows non-US citizens to live and work permanently in the United States. It grants lawful permanent resident (LPR) status, giving individuals certain rights and responsibilities, such as the ability to work for any employer and live in any state. Green Card holders can also apply for US citizenship after meeting specific residency requirements.

While obtaining a Green Card offers many benefits, there are key risks and considerations for applicants. The application process can be lengthy, especially for family preference or employment-based categories, which may involve years of waiting due to visa caps and backlogs. Applicants must also ensure that all forms are correctly filled out and submitted with the necessary documents to avoid delays or rejections.

Another important consideration is maintaining permanent residency. Long absences from the US can lead to the loss of Green Card status, and failure to renew an expired card can create complications for work and travel. Applicants should also be aware of potential costs, including filing fees, biometrics, and legal fees if legal assistance is needed.

 

Section J: Need Assistance?

 

NNU Immigration are specialists across all areas of US immigration and nationality, including US Green Cards, advising foreign nationals in the US and their dependents on options to remain in the USA on a permanent basis. With exceptional procedural knowledge and insight, we provide full support and guidance through the application process for US lawful permanent residence.

If you have a specific question or require support with your Green Card application, contact us.

 

Section K: Green Card FAQs

 

What is a green card?
A green card is a document that grants permanent residency in the US, allowing the holder to live and work in the US indefinitely. It also serves as a step toward becoming a US citizen.

 

Who is eligible for a green card?
Eligibility for a green card can be based on family relationships, employment, refugee or asylum status, the diversity visa lottery, or special immigrant categories. Each category has specific requirements that must be met.

 

What is the Diversity Visa Lottery?
The Diversity Visa Lottery is a program that provides green cards to individuals from countries with low rates of immigration to the US. Applicants are selected through a random lottery system.

 

What is the difference between a Green Card and US citizenship?
A Green Card grants lawful permanent residency, allowing you to live and work in the US indefinitely. US citizens, however, have additional rights, such as the right to vote, eligibility for federal jobs, and the ability to hold a US passport. Green Card holders can apply for citizenship after fulfilling residency and other eligibility requirements.

 

How long does it take to get a Green Card?
Processing times vary based on the category of Green Card you are applying for. Immediate relatives of US citizens can typically expect a processing time of 8 to 14 months, while family preference or employment-based applicants may wait several years due to visa caps and backlogs. Check the US Department of State’s Visa Bulletin for current wait times.

 

Can I travel outside the US with a Green Card?
Yes, Green Card holders can travel outside the US, but they must be mindful of their length of stay abroad. Absences of more than 6 months may require a re-entry permit, and extended absences of more than 12 months could jeopardize your permanent residency status.

 

What is the difference between adjustment of status and consular processing?
Adjustment of status is the process of applying for a green card while already in the US. Consular processing is when the applicant applies for a green card from outside the US at a US embassy or consulate.

 

What happens if my Green Card expires while I’m waiting for renewal?
If your Green Card expires while you are waiting for a renewal, the receipt notice from USCIS for your Form I-90 serves as temporary proof of your permanent resident status. This receipt notice extends your status for an additional 12 months while your application is processed.

 

Do I need to renew my Green Card if I’m applying for US citizenship?
If you are eligible to apply for US citizenship, and your Green Card is expiring soon, you should still renew your Green Card. The naturalization process can take several months, and it’s important to keep your Green Card valid until you are granted citizenship.

 

Can I work in the US while my Green Card application is pending?
If you are already in the US and have applied for a Green Card through adjustment of status (Form I-485), you can apply for a work permit (Employment Authorization Document or EAD) while your application is pending. This allows you to legally work during the waiting period.

 

What should I do if my Green Card is lost or stolen?
If your Green Card is lost or stolen, file Form I-90 as soon as possible to request a replacement. If you are outside the US, you may need to contact a US embassy or consulate to obtain a boarding foil to return to the US and then apply for a replacement Green Card.

 

Can I apply for a Green Card if I’m currently in the US on a visa?
Yes, many individuals who are in the US on a visa can apply for a Green Card through adjustment of status (Form I-485). The eligibility to apply depends on factors like your visa type, your relationship to a US citizen or employer, and other criteria.

 

How can I check the status of my Green Card application?
You can check the status of your Green Card application online through the USCIS website. You will need your receipt number, which is provided when USCIS receives your application, to track your case status.

 

What is the role of the visa bulletin in the green card process?
The visa bulletin, published monthly by the US Department of State, provides information on the availability of visas in various green card categories. It helps applicants know when they can proceed with their application based on their priority date.

 

What happens if my green card application is denied?
If your green card application is denied, you will receive a notice explaining the reasons for the denial. Depending on the situation, you may be able to appeal the decision or reapply if the issues can be resolved.

 

Section L: Glossary

 

Term	Definition
Adjustment of Status	The process of applying for a Green Card while being physically present in the US. This is done by filing Form I-485 with USCIS.
Affidavit of Support	A legal document a US sponsor submits to show they will financially support the Green Card applicant if necessary, ensuring the applicant will not rely on public assistance.
Biometrics Appointment	An appointment where Green Card applicants provide fingerprints, photographs, and signatures, used for background checks by USCIS.
Consular Processing	The process of applying for a Green Card through a US embassy or consulate in a foreign country, used by applicants who are outside the US.
Conditional Green Card	A temporary Green Card issued for two years, typically for individuals who obtained permanent residency through marriage or investment. Requires filing Form I-751 to remove conditions and receive a 10-year Green Card.
Diversity Visa Lottery	A program that randomly selects individuals from countries with low immigration rates to the US for a chance to apply for a Green Card.
Employment Authorization Document (EAD)	A work permit issued to Green Card applicants while their application is pending, allowing them to work legally in the US.
Family Preference Categories	A set of categories for family-sponsored Green Cards for relatives such as siblings, married children, and adult children of US citizens, which have annual limits and longer wait times compared to immediate relatives.
Form I-130	The petition form filed by a US citizen or lawful permanent resident to establish a qualifying family relationship with the applicant for immigration purposes.
Form I-140	The petition form filed by a US employer on behalf of an employee to begin the process of employment-based immigration.
Form I-485	The application form used to register for permanent residence (Green Card) or to adjust status if the applicant is already in the US.
Form I-90	The application form used to renew or replace a Green Card.
Immediate Relative	A category of family-sponsored immigration for spouses, parents, and unmarried children under 21 of US citizens. There are no limits to the number of Green Cards issued in this category annually.
Naturalization	The process by which a Green Card holder becomes a US citizen, typically after holding permanent resident status for 3-5 years, depending on the circumstances.
Priority Date	The date that USCIS or the US Department of State receives your immigrant petition (Form I-130, I-140, etc.), used to determine your place in line for visa availability in categories with annual caps.
Re-Entry Permit	A document that Green Card holders must obtain if they plan to travel outside the US for more than six months but less than two years. It prevents the loss of permanent residency status while abroad for extended periods.
Removal of Conditions	The process by which conditional Green Card holders (typically those married less than two years) apply to remove the conditions on their Green Card to receive a permanent 10-year Green Card. Filed using Form I-751.
Sponsor	A US citizen or lawful permanent resident who files a petition (such as Form I-130 or I-140) on behalf of a family member or employee seeking a Green Card.
USCIS (US Citizenship and Immigration Services)	The federal agency responsible for overseeing immigration and naturalization, processing Green Card applications, and administering citizenship tests.
Visa Bulletin	A monthly publication by the US Department of State that shows the availability of immigrant visa numbers based on priority date and category.
Visa Cap	The annual limit on the number of visas (Green Cards) issued in certain categories, such as family preference and employment-based Green Cards. These caps can result in long wait times for applicants.

 

Section M: Additional Resources

 

US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
https://www.uscis.gov/
The official US government website for all immigration-related matters, including Green Card applications, forms, and processing information.

 

US Department of State – Visa Bulletin
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/visa-law0/visa-bulletin.html
The monthly Visa Bulletin provides updates on visa availability, essential for applicants tracking their priority dates for family- and employment-based Green Cards.

 

US Department of Homeland Security
https://www.dhs.gov/
The Department of Homeland Security oversees immigration enforcement and lawful immigration to the US. It offers resources on maintaining your status and lawful residency.

 

American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA)
https://www.aila.org/
A professional association for immigration lawyers, offering guidance and legal assistance for individuals seeking immigration advice or representation.

 

US Embassy & Consulates – United Kingdom
https://uk.usembassy.gov/
The official US embassy website for UK-based applicants, providing resources for those needing consular processing or information about Green Card applications from outside the US.